international public relations

here is my summary of a book chapter we were asked to summarise

chapter title: International Public relations: Opportunities and Challenges for the 21st century

This chapter of the book examines public relations under different topics and as it is practiced in different countries

The topics are

Extensions of symmetrical research

Many researchers have tried to study symmetry in public -relations around the world. Symmetry here means Mutual understanding

These research results below are extensions of the efforts of the IABC Excellence project. In an attempt to come about these results, the researchers have;

1)      Tested and retested existing models of research

2)      Merged different models of research to make for better results

Their result conclude that -

·         Public relations is better practiced when Public relations is made part of the management – China.

·         International public relations messages are better understood when they are applicable to large audience – India, Greece and Taiwan

·         public relations also involves ‘Personal influence relations” with government/and journalists often evading the masses –Developing countires

·         excellent public relations practice is reduced when practitioners are not involved in Strategic communication and planning –Slovenia

·         at the organizational level, a participatory culture is better than an authoritarian culture because participatory culture provides a better environment for symmetrical relationship building.

Contextualized/comparative research

This path of research seeks to compare public relations practices from around the world. This is based on the premise that cultural, social and political environments affect the practice of PR

·         In Hungary, PR is often misinterpreted to mean advertising. Employee relations and international communication is becoming more important than public and media relations.

·         Public relations together with new technologies are changing the face of public communications in former communist states – public attitudes can be assessed and the right communication is tailored to suit them.

·         In Romania public relations research discovered two opposing attitudes. On one hand, PR is still being viewed against the backdrop of Romania’s’ communist days, but  on the other hand, efforts of creating mutual understanding, are in existence.

·         In many other post-communist Countries also, skepticism is the attitude that citizens of such countries have towards PR and so the practice must be approached with care.

·         In Europe, the government policies make it in a way inevitable for the lobbying to be practiced, because it is needed to gain favorable influence.

·         Scholars encourage that PR practitioners be included in the top level management.

·         Cultural backgrounds affect PR practitioners - Austrian and Norwegian practitioners are less interested in prestige and are more concerned with avoiding uncertainties as opposed to their American counterparts

Pedagogy and ethics

This path of study examines the various bodies of knowledge that guide  practitioners in other parts of the world. Many parts of the world need more improvement in their teaching and knowledge base of PR.

·         In India , there is a short supply of experienced teachers

·         In Thailand, the teachers lack Thai content, and teaching is done based on knowledge gathered from other countries

·         In England Public relations is cloaked under business studies

·         On the ethical path, practitioners are encouraged to develop a universal set of ethics so that external publics will see the practice more seriously

Exploring presuppositions

This path is concerned with looking into the assumptions associated with international public relations. The findings are that

·         Cultural bias affects how far public relations is perceived as being able to better understand international publics

·         Therefore, practitioners must look beyond these biases to practice their proffession more effectively. These assumptions must be flexible in order to allow easy adjustment to whatever situation presents itself in a new country

·         There is a political angle to every PR activity that influences organizations decision making

Computer Assisted and On-line Reporting: FILM REVIEW- ACT OF FAITH- ETTEH IMA-ABASI

Computer Assisted and On-line Reporting: FILM REVIEW- ACT OF FAITH- ETTEH IMA-ABASI: Act of faith is a movie about a female pastor, Mrs. Uchendu, who receives a huge sum of money from a grateful church member and word of th...

summary of things fall apart

ENJOYMENT FOUR

A SUMMARRY OF THINGS FALL APART BY CHINUA ACHEBE

AS SUBMITTED BY ETTEH IMA-ABASI

MATNO 09BE08955

IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE COURSE MAC 224

LECTURERA DR EKEANYANWU

                        MISS ADA SONIA

Things fall apart is he story of a man, Okonkwo, his love for his tradition, his zealousness to succeed, his misfortunes caused by a wicked chi and ultimately his regret for his clan which led to his suicidal act.

Driven by the fear of becoming a social scorn like his father, Okonkwo had started fending for himself as a young boy, he started out with nothing from his father to use in farming so he had to practice share- cropping as the people used to refer to the system of borrowing yams to plant and then pay back with a third part of the harvest, he soon had large barns even though he had t o cater for his family of three wives and eight  children together with his mother and sister due to his father’s laziness. He also soon gained prowess as the fiercest warrior the clan had ever seen but all these could not be enough to wipe away the stench that Okonkwo’s father had left behind and that resulted in his uncontrollable anger at any man or woman who sought to remind him of his father by being lazy.

In the first part of the book Okonkwo had managed to amass wealth and fame for himself through hard work and much proving of his manliness. Though he made a lot of mistakes but he was still one of the most respected men of his clan at least until he made the mistake of all mistakes. He has always treated his family with a strong hand and all his wives and children feared him terribly, he almost killed his second wife for daring to challenge him, he beat up his wife on a day meant for peace, he had killed Ikemefuna for fear of being called a woman, but killing Ikemefuna was required of him by the Oracle and not killing a son of the clan – late Ezeudu’s son.

The punishment was seven years in exile which he spent in his motherland, Mbanta. During these years Okonkwo tried his best to seem pleased with the situation he found himself, but soon he could not hold it any longer and in defiance gave his son which he had in Mbanta a name which meant “ born in a wilderness”. He worked hard and was very prosperous and his chi seemed to be sober for causing him so much pain because it had mercy on him.

During these seven years Okonkwo had yearned for his homeland, unaware of the change that had occurred in his homeland and he planned for his return but on getting back after seven years, his people had abandoned the gods of their ancestors and payed no attention to the fact that a warrior had come back to his home, not many payed attention to his virgin daughters whom he had kept from marrying any Mbanta man. The white men whom he detested much had established their presence in Umuofia and the people payed more attention to the new religion, government and the shops, but soon Okonkwo gained a level of importance at least among his clan people who still respected their fathers and soon matters arose in Umuofia that made his peculiar anger visible again

 It got to the point when the sons of Umuofia and its neighbouring villages had to burn down the church and the house of one of them Enoch and this caused the chief commissioner to put the elders in prison and out of anger, Okonkwo killed a messenger of the colonial government and hung himself in resignation of the issues surrounding him.

summary of the gods are not to blame

ENJOYMENT THREE

A SUMMARY OF THE BOOK THE GODS ARE NOT TO BLAME BY OLA ROTIMI

WRITTEN BY ETTEH IMA-ABASI

WITH MATRIC NUMBER 09BE08955

The book the gods are not to blame is the dramatic tale of a man Odewale born with a destiny he tried to run away from. At birth when his Parents took him to the village diviner  the Ogun priest to tell his future, they met sadness amidst their joyful thronging of drums and dancing; their first son was destined to kill his father and marry his mother and the only way to avert this was to kill him.

However, unable to balance understanding of his assignment coupled with   love for the new born baby, the messenger Gbonka who was sent alone to dispose of the child in a forest found a foster father for the child and went back to his place of service.

The foster parents Ogundele and Mobike who had no child happily took the child as their own and only a few people knew that the child was an but did not know the true parents of the child as Gbonka had left the two men in the bush without saying much.

As an adult, Odewale’s uncle told him the truth of his destiny but failed to mention that his real parents were not known. Because of this, he ran away to far away land where he bought a farm at the place where the three foot paths meet and he worked hard to own a good living. Sometime later an old man came to the farm land he had suffered to get and keep and claimed the land to be his and called him a thief but Odewale did not react to all of this until the old Man insulted the village they both thought he came from and that was something Odewale could not take. He tried to use his mystic powers against the old man but the old man’s powers seemed to be more potent than his so in a last attempt to save his life, he struck th man with a hoe and he died.

Odewale then ran from town to town for months until he got to Kutuje where they had just lost their king and the enemy took advantage of this to attack them, but Odewale in his hot temper led the people to war against their enemies and conquered. Due to respect they broke protocol for him and made him King of their land which meant he had to marry the wife of the late king( his mother) therefore fulfilling the whole prophecy that he would kill his father and marry his mother.

However, all this was yet unknown to the king until he promised to find and punish the man who killed the former king of the land whose perturbed spirit was the cause of the terrible disease that plagued the people of Kutuje; the priest accused him of being the man he was looking for, and his old friend Alaka paid him a visit and old stories were told with a new meaning to them.

Soon, Odewale saw a conspiracy between the son of the late king Adetusa and the Ogun priest and for this he swore never to set eyes on Aderopo again. When the chiefs pleaded with him to disregard the words of the priest he almost turned against them also until the queen mother, his wife told him of her first son who the priest had asked to be thrown away in the bush because he was destined to kill his father and marry his mother and that the king was reportedly killed by armed robbers. Many others bits of stories were told to confirm that old age had gotten the better of the priest and he could no longer be trusted.

When it came to the issue of the former king being killed by robbers, Odewale got interested and asked for the eye witness to be brought unaware that the same messenger who had handed him over to Ogundele was the same eye witness to the murder.

Gbonka, now grey with old age was helped by Alaka to make more sense of the stories and he finally told the truth; that Odewale was the abandoned child, the son of the late king and the son of the queen mother whom he now called wife and who was the mother of his four children. Unable to bear the truth, the queen killed herself and the king in order to fulfill his promise to the people of Kutuje plucked out his eyes and gave an order for the proper burial of the queen and banished himself with his children after mending the wounds he had created in his relationship with his brother Aderopo.

marketing techniques of MTN Nigeria

INTRODUCTION

MTN Nigeria operates one of four GSM licenses and has been in commercial operation since 2001. MTN Nigeria aggressively focused on subscriber growth, supported by rapid network roll out amid keen competition in the market. Consequently, the company significantly increased its subscriber base from 5,6 million to 8,4 million. Coming off a low base, mobile penetration again increased significantly to 13%, reflecting continued demand and intense activity by mobile operators.

AIM

The effect of marketing strategies used by a telecommunication company (MTN).

Marketing strategies in which MTN uses as the logic in their business unit hoping to achieve a successful sale and attract customers are:

PACKAGES

PAY GO

MTN offers free calls at night to its customers.  They can also register one number called magic number that allows free calls all day.

MTN ONE RATE

 MTN offers to its customers that make a lot of calls during the day like business men, marketers etc. MTN offers to all call rates, 3kobo per second across all networks all day. Additionally, the network also reduces sms rates of 5kobo all day to any number plus one free daily sms, full voice mail service, and seven free call backs per day. MTN one rate charges you for only what you used not a second more and they have numbers given in which you can subscribe to if you want the MTN pay as you go.

MTN MUZIQ

            MTN MUZIQ price plan gives you free music especially to music lovers. Get to experience music in as many ways as possible.

SPONSORSHIP

MTN sponsors of programs in other to boast sales and purchase e.g. who wants to be a millionaire, MTN/ project fame, MTN/ family challenge which in other to participate in this program one has to have an MTN line therefore it increases sales and purchase.

INTERNET SERVICES

The very best 3g services offered by MTN include fastlink mobile internet data card, voice and video calling. You can search on the Google web search engine with MTN Google sms on your phone, which does not require internet connectivity, only search by key words using text messaging service.

ADVERTISING

MTN also uses adverts which seems one of the most effective medium of marketing on t.v., radio or newspaper, internet e.t.c.

CALLER TUNEZ

One can also record his or her own tunes by downloading the latest tunes for ringing tones with MTN CALLER TUNEZ. Now there is even MTN sim plus with a huge storage capacity.

BLACKBERRY SERVICES

MTN also offer to the customers who use Blackberries various services e.g. the internet and pinging services in other for them to purchase it.

METHOD OF RESEARC H

 In the course of our research questioners were printed and distributed to MTN users using Covenant University as a case study. Based on the results we got the effect of the marketing strategies of MTN are very effective.

THE OBSERVATION

We’ve observed that as MTN roles out more marketing strategies, other network operators try to compete with them and therefore copy or further modify the offers given by MTN.

According to Ogundolapo Olawunmi – who is on pay go says she got to know about the package through a TV advert and it was the reason why she bought Mtn because she wanted free calls at night. She also can register one number called magic number that she can call for free.

According to Anyakwo Patricia – says she got interested in MTN through project fame because she feels it is nice for them to sponsor projects that bring out talents and she bought MTN in order to vote for her friend and she hasn’t had to change the line since then.

According to MR Taiwo Michael – he uses the internet services offered by MTN and he feels the N 100 the common one used by many people.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, the MTN marketing strategies have been effective in attracting customers to purchase the product which is the main aim of marketing. Judging also from the level of increase in the number of subscribers which shows in MTN having three subscriber groups – 0803, 0806 and 0813 there has been an increase in purchase.

summary of sex straight talk

The book SEX STRAIGHT TALK centers on correcting the wrong ideas people have about sex. The first chapter is about the divinity of sex, the right and wrong time to engage in it, the problems one encounters when going about it the wrong way and how to tackle sex related issues. The chapter defines a person who wishes to engage in premarital or extramarital sex as a person without character and warns partners of such people to find their square roots out of the relationship. It further exposes the truth that married couples do less of sex than other things and so unmarried couples who spend their courtship time in sex don’t find anything to hold onto when tied in marriage and soon the marriage elapses. The chapter also expounds on se as a thing of the mind and therefore concludes that if one can have control over his mind i.e. the things he hears reads or sees and therefore the thoughts that come to his mind then the individual can deal with his sexuality more easily than seeing it as a devil that should be cast out of him. He then adds that the reason why sexual urges are one of the strongest urges in us(even for the nuns and priests) is because God made sex for procreation and if not for the sexual urges, people could easily decide to never indulge in the act till death and that would mean wiping out the human race.

The second chapter takes an in-depth look at the story of Samson and Delilah to further illuminate the dangers of sex outside marriage. It expatiates on the name Delilah to mean “slacken”, “languish”,” to dry up” e.t.c. it symbolizes anyone with the willingness to feed our longing for sin as Delilah. Here Sam explains that sex could be both painful and sweet . According to this chapter and based on statistics, sex is the most enjoyable for Christians. It reminds singles to focus on the painful part of sex and married people to focus on the pleasure aspect of sex because we are naturally drawn to things that give us pleasure and painful phenomena naturally repels us ;therefore in order not to fall we must paint a clear picture of the dangers of sexual sin whether premarital or extramarital and he mentions these dangers to include unwanted pregnancies which could also lead to the sin of abortion, upcoming and ever persistent venereal diseases, curses e.t.c. the chapter also states other ways of staying out os sexual sin to be –making up your mind not to sin, hating sin, being sensitive, satisfaction in ones marriage, accountability and avoiding the object of your sexual temptation.

On the topic of healing for the sexually abused, the book uses the story of Tamar being raped by her brother Amnon in 2^nd Samuel as a reference to the fact that incest and rape have an origin from Bible times, he also makes us understand that a lot of people around our neighborhood could be going through it without our knowledge. The book also associates a lot of pain and frustration to the sexually molested. However it does give a ray of hope for such people and a step by step way to be free again; these steps are-confessing ones hurts to Jesus and asking for healing, forgiving the abuser, renewing your mind, asking help from a counselor, preventing reoccurrence of such, and moving on with your life and also helping others gat through their similar difficulties; this he claims is the best way to be totally healed.

In the fourth chapter, the book tries to eliminate wrong notions that single have about marriage and sex which may lead them into making the wrong decisions. First it makes the message clear that sex is good because it was created by God and when he was done with creation which sex was a part of , He saw that everything was good but the goodness of sex remains only within the confines of marriage. The book also makes us understand that because God is the creator of our sexuality hen he can’t be angry at us because of it.  Sam in this chapter sees sex to be like a beautiful diamond which when divided into too many pieces loses its value and therefore warns that it is only when sex is done in a committed relationship like marriage could it add to our self esteem because otherwise, it causes distrust and a low self esteem. He also tries to pint out the fact that those who think sex determines who you are, are wrong and only sell the idea because they don’t want to be the only ones in it but they make it seem like those who abstain from it are missing a lot, this he says is a wrong way to heal ones low self esteem. The chapter also touches on the myth that premarital sex cements a relationship and shows why this notion is also wrong to be that only character can build commitment in a relationship. On the third wrong conception of sex, the book makes the understanding that sex does not cure loneliness and warns that people who are vulnerable to fall for this myth due not having much care at home should be extra careful and guard themselves because the end of such relationships is always worse than having stayed alone. The book also warns those who feel that because they have already fallen, then they have no need to abstain from sex .Here also, singles are advised on how to manage their relationships before marriage so as not to fall into sin, they are encourage to set limits on their closeness, get married as early as possible, find activities they can do together to take their minds off the attraction they have towards each other. This chapter also helps those hinged on masturbation, pornography, homosexuality and those who get frequent wet dreams

In the chapter on sex education, the writer highlights the need for children to be sexually educated, the way to go about it for different age groups and what not to do, it gives a step by step guide for parent- child education. Here the writer tries to discourage the tendency that parents have to leave all the education of a child to the educational institutions, peer groups and other influences and encourages parents to see their children’s sexual education as a responsibility. It tries to encourage parents not to shy away from making their children knowledgeable about sex .based on age, the book offers various methods of sex education; for the first two years of a child’s life, parents are encouraged to show affection for their children and draw them closer, here it is not necessary to talk to them about sexuality and are also encouraged to relate well with each other as the children get messages from how their parents relate to each other; between the ages of three and six parents are encouraged to answer their children with gentleness and not wonder or over react to their growing curiosity towards their sexuality: for children between age six and nine parents can now start communicating to their children about Bible values about sexuality, parents are beseeched to be careful who their children keep company with and are also to explain what every part of the body does and so on;

In the last chapter titled wisdom for sex matters readers are warned that sexual sin steals away destiny and one should be careful of members of the opposite sex that speak to us with too much affection, here we are also warned that what we listen to over time has effects on us so we must stop listening to things that arouse our sexual emotions and instead let the word of God in us be raised to block whatever we are hearing. people who find themselves in position of sexual temptation are urged to keep the end of the sin in mind because the end is bitter and is one of the ways the devil uses to steal away peoples destinies and we are again reminded that sin consumes the body not only in hell but in the form of sexually transmitted diseases. For married couples the men are encouraged to beautify their wives with whatever it is that might make them go outside to another woman and are promised that whatever they invest in their wives they will get more out of it, also spending time with one another and staying close are other ways to keep a marriage working.

visual communication and communication graphics

The Encarta dictionary gives the meaning of graphics to be the presentation of information in the form of diagrams and illustrations instead of as words or numbers or the art and science of storing, manipulating, and displaying computer data in the form of pictures, diagrams, graphs, or symbols.

Also, graphics often combine text, illustration and color e.g. photographs, diagrams, typographies

Therefore, graphic communication is the use of graphics to create, produce and distribute materials which involves words and images to convey ideas. Graphic communication includes electronic and traditional printing, publishing, packaging, digital imaging, computer graphics, website development, digital photography, printable electronics and related areas

Visual communication is the communication of ideas through the visual display of information. Primarily associated with two dimensional images, it includes: art, signs, photography, typography, drawing fundamentals, colour and electronic resources. Recent research in the field has focused on web design and graphically oriented usability. It is part of what a graphic designer does to communicate visually with the audience.

Visual Communications began with stick drawings on the walls of caves. As human societies flourished, it expanded to include ideograms and, eventually, the alphabet. In the modern day, Visual Communications is typically used to emphasize ideas, as illustrations in books, advertisements and corporate logos. As technology continues to improve, Visual Communications have become integral to understanding advanced scientific concepts and simulations.

Visual communication	Graphic communication
It is usually 3D	It is usually two dimensional
Can be done on various media e.g tv	It is restricted to flat surfaced means of display
It makes use of sounds and movement to pass a message	It is limited to pictures and words

references

      google.com

      alltheweb

      mamma.com

      msn

      Encarta dictionary