Tuesday, 27 March 2012

summary of sex straight talk



The book SEX STRAIGHT TALK centers on correcting the wrong ideas people have about sex. The first chapter is about the divinity of sex, the right and wrong time to engage in it, the problems one encounters when going about it the wrong way and how to tackle sex related issues. The chapter defines a person who wishes to engage in premarital or extramarital sex as a person without character and warns partners of such people to find their square roots out of the relationship. It further exposes the truth that married couples do less of sex than other things and so unmarried couples who spend their courtship time in sex don’t find anything to hold onto when tied in marriage and soon the marriage elapses. The chapter also expounds on se as a thing of the mind and therefore concludes that if one can have control over his mind i.e. the things he hears reads or sees and therefore the thoughts that come to his mind then the individual can deal with his sexuality more easily than seeing it as a devil that should be cast out of him. He then adds that the reason why sexual urges are one of the strongest urges in us(even for the nuns and priests) is because God made sex for procreation and if not for the sexual urges, people could easily decide to never indulge in the act till death and that would mean wiping out the human race.
The second chapter takes an in-depth look at the story of Samson and Delilah to further illuminate the dangers of sex outside marriage. It expatiates on the name Delilah to mean “slacken”, “languish”,” to dry up” e.t.c. it symbolizes anyone with the willingness to feed our longing for sin as Delilah. Here Sam explains that sex could be both painful and sweet . According to this chapter and based on statistics, sex is the most enjoyable for Christians. It reminds singles to focus on the painful part of sex and married people to focus on the pleasure aspect of sex because we are naturally drawn to things that give us pleasure and painful phenomena naturally repels us ;therefore in order not to fall we must paint a clear picture of the dangers of sexual sin whether premarital or extramarital and he mentions these dangers to include unwanted pregnancies which could also lead to the sin of abortion, upcoming and ever persistent venereal diseases, curses e.t.c. the chapter also states other ways of staying out os sexual sin to be –making up your mind not to sin, hating sin, being sensitive, satisfaction in ones marriage, accountability and avoiding the object of your sexual temptation.
On the topic of healing for the sexually abused, the book uses the story of Tamar being raped by her brother Amnon in 2nd Samuel as a reference to the fact that incest and rape have an origin from Bible times, he also makes us understand that a lot of people around our neighborhood could be going through it without our knowledge. The book also associates a lot of pain and frustration to the sexually molested. However it does give a ray of hope for such people and a step by step way to be free again; these steps are-confessing ones hurts to Jesus and asking for healing, forgiving the abuser, renewing your mind, asking help from a counselor, preventing reoccurrence of such, and moving on with your life and also helping others gat through their similar difficulties; this he claims is the best way to be totally healed.
In the fourth chapter, the book tries to eliminate wrong notions that single have about marriage and sex which may lead them into making the wrong decisions. First it makes the message clear that sex is good because it was created by God and when he was done with creation which sex was a part of , He saw that everything was good but the goodness of sex remains only within the confines of marriage. The book also makes us understand that because God is the creator of our sexuality hen he can’t be angry at us because of it.  Sam in this chapter sees sex to be like a beautiful diamond which when divided into too many pieces loses its value and therefore warns that it is only when sex is done in a committed relationship like marriage could it add to our self esteem because otherwise, it causes distrust and a low self esteem. He also tries to pint out the fact that those who think sex determines who you are, are wrong and only sell the idea because they don’t want to be the only ones in it but they make it seem like those who abstain from it are missing a lot, this he says is a wrong way to heal ones low self esteem. The chapter also touches on the myth that premarital sex cements a relationship and shows why this notion is also wrong to be that only character can build commitment in a relationship. On the third wrong conception of sex, the book makes the understanding that sex does not cure loneliness and warns that people who are vulnerable to fall for this myth due not having much care at home should be extra careful and guard themselves because the end of such relationships is always worse than having stayed alone. The book also warns those who feel that because they have already fallen, then they have no need to abstain from sex .Here also, singles are advised on how to manage their relationships before marriage so as not to fall into sin, they are encourage to set limits on their closeness, get married as early as possible, find activities they can do together to take their minds off the attraction they have towards each other. This chapter also helps those hinged on masturbation, pornography, homosexuality and those who get frequent wet dreams
In the chapter on sex education, the writer highlights the need for children to be sexually educated, the way to go about it for different age groups and what not to do, it gives a step by step guide for parent- child education. Here the writer tries to discourage the tendency that parents have to leave all the education of a child to the educational institutions, peer groups and other influences and encourages parents to see their children’s sexual education as a responsibility. It tries to encourage parents not to shy away from making their children knowledgeable about sex .based on age, the book offers various methods of sex education; for the first two years of a child’s life, parents are encouraged to show affection for their children and draw them closer, here it is not necessary to talk to them about sexuality and are also encouraged to relate well with each other as the children get messages from how their parents relate to each other; between the ages of three and six parents are encouraged to answer their children with gentleness and not wonder or over react to their growing curiosity towards their sexuality: for children between age six and nine parents can now start communicating to their children about Bible values about sexuality, parents are beseeched to be careful who their children keep company with and are also to explain what every part of the body does and so on;
In the last chapter titled wisdom for sex matters readers are warned that sexual sin steals away destiny and one should be careful of members of the opposite sex that speak to us with too much affection, here we are also warned that what we listen to over time has effects on us so we must stop listening to things that arouse our sexual emotions and instead let the word of God in us be raised to block whatever we are hearing. people who find themselves in position of sexual temptation are urged to keep the end of the sin in mind because the end is bitter and is one of the ways the devil uses to steal away peoples destinies and we are again reminded that sin consumes the body not only in hell but in the form of sexually transmitted diseases. For married couples the men are encouraged to beautify their wives with whatever it is that might make them go outside to another woman and are promised that whatever they invest in their wives they will get more out of it, also spending time with one another and staying close are other ways to keep a marriage working.


visual communication and communication graphics


The Encarta dictionary gives the meaning of graphics to be the presentation of information in the form of diagrams and illustrations instead of as words or numbers or the art and science of storing, manipulating, and displaying computer data in the form of pictures, diagrams, graphs, or symbols.

Also, graphics often combine text, illustration and color e.g. photographs, diagrams, typographies

Therefore, graphic communication is the use of graphics to create, produce and distribute materials which involves words and images to convey ideas. Graphic communication includes electronic and traditional printing, publishing, packaging, digital imaging, computer graphics, website development, digital photography, printable electronics and related areas


Visual communication is the communication of ideas through the visual display of information. Primarily associated with two dimensional images, it includes: art, signs, photography, typography, drawing fundamentals, colour and electronic resources. Recent research in the field has focused on web design and graphically oriented usability. It is part of what a graphic designer does to communicate visually with the audience.
Visual Communications began with stick drawings on the walls of caves. As human societies flourished, it expanded to include ideograms and, eventually, the alphabet. In the modern day, Visual Communications is typically used to emphasize ideas, as illustrations in books, advertisements and corporate logos. As technology continues to improve, Visual Communications have become integral to understanding advanced scientific concepts and simulations.
Visual communication
Graphic communication
It is usually 3D
It is usually two dimensional
Can be done on various media e.g tv
It is restricted to flat surfaced means of display
It makes use of sounds and movement to pass a message
It is limited to pictures and words










references

*      google.com
*      alltheweb
*      mamma.com
*      msn
*      Encarta dictionary


Anatomy of a book
          A book is a collection of printed or manuscript pages sewn or glued together along one side and bound between rigid boards or flexible covers  a bound aet of blank sheets of paper e.g. for writing, a published work of literature, science, or reference, or a work intended for publication.
         The anatomy of a book refers to the various parts that make up a book and they include;
1.      Front matter or preliminaries, which include the title page, copyright information, dedication, table of contents, foreword, preface, and acknowledgements. The items that are included may depend on the book, but in general, this area is where these items appear. Often front matter pages are numbered separately with lower-case roman numerals, such as i, ii, iii.

2. The text of the book. All of your chapters are included in the main body of the book and generally the page numbering starts at 1.
3. Back matter. This section includes notes, appendices, glossary, bibliography, and the index. Again, not every book has all these items.
Now you should consider the pages themselves. First, find a book with a pleasing layout. Open it up and lay it flat on the table. You'll notice that even-numbered pages are on the left-hand (or verso) side and odd-numbered pages are on the right-hand (recto) side.
Books  generally have text at the top and/or bottom of the page. This area often includes the book title, chapter title, and page number. These repeating elements are called headers, running heads, or footers (when they are at the bottom). In your layout software program, you need to set up these repeating elements, so they appear on every page automatically. I've written a couple of articles on laying out books in specific software programs that have more information.

It is also divided into;
*      Book Cover or Book Board - The front and back covers are sometimes called the books boards.
*      Joint - The Joint is a small groove where the books boards are attached to the book and bends when the book is opened.
*      Raised Band - Raised Bands are raised areas on the spine. They were once the result of cords underneath the cover material that held the books covers on but are now mostly decorative.
*      Tail - The Tail is the bottom part of the book.
*      The End sheet - The End sheet is one piece of paper that makes up both the Fly Leaf and the Pastedown. It joins the book block to the cover. Sometimes you will find that this is two separate sheets depending on how the books End sheets were made.
*      Hinge - The books Hinge is the part that bends when the book is opened.
*      Fore edge - The Fore edge is the trimmed edge that is opposite of the spine and can sometimes is painted or gilded on higher end books.
*      Headband - The Headband is a decorative colored cloth band designed to protect the books spine.
*      The inside pages that make up a book are sometimes referred to as the Text block or book block. They are usually numbered and sometimes come with notes at the bottom to describe what was written on the page or give meaning to difficult words

*      Dust Jacket or Dust Wrapper - Hard bound books have protective paper or plastic wrappers that wrap around the covers of the book for protection. The dust jacket may also be called a dust wrapper and usually displays artwork as well as the title and author of the book. An example is the Rogers thesaurus dictionary.

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references

*      google.com
*      alltheweb
*      mamma.com
*      msn
*      Encarta dictionary



HIV/AIDS IN RELATION TO THESE THEORIES


DIFFUSSION INNOVATION THEORY: the theory can help the Nigerian situation in that when these media message preaching against unsafe sex are continually repeated in the media or through other forms of information dissemination, eventually there will be a higher level of knowledge about HIV/AIDS
AGENDA SETTING THEORY: since in this case, the media indirectly dictates to the public what to think, this theory can be used to the advantage by helping the people think more about safe sex or/and abstinence so the rate of HIV/AIDS infection can be drastically reduced
HEALT BELIEF THEORY I belief that if people are educated about the risks of unsafe sex and the benefits of abstinence and about all other tenets that the theory upholds, Nigerians' will have a rethink before engaging in illicit sex
DEVELOPMENT MEDIA THEORY: the media in this case should be dedicated to the development of the country in that if there are no healthy people there will be no development and so the media should be geared towards educating the people on how to positively avoid this disease and wit the knowledge we will have healthy people and wit healthy people ewe will have a developed country









REFERENCES
Asemah, E. (2011). selected mass media themes . Jos: Jos University Press.
Baran, S.J. (2004). Introduction to Mass Communication: Media Literacy and Culture.
     NewYork: McGrawHill Companies
Ekeanyanwu, N. (2008). international communication. Ota: Covenant University Press.



 It recognizes the fact that sometimes wanting to change a health behavior isn't enough to actually make someone do it, and incorporates two more elements into its estimations about what it actually takes to get an individual to make the leap. These two elements are cues to action and self efficacy.

The key variables of the HBM are as follows:
Perceived Threat: Consists of two parts: perceived susceptibility and perceived severity of a health condition.
Perceived Susceptibility: One's subjective perception of the risk of contracting a health condition, People will not change their health behaviors unless they believe that they are at risk.
Those who do not think that they are at risk of acquiring HIV from unprotected intercourse are unlikely to use a condom.
Perceived Severity: Feelings concerning the seriousness of contracting an illness or of leaving it untreated (including evaluations of both medical and clinical consequences and possible social consequences). The probability that a person will change his/her health behaviors to avoid a consequence depends on how serious he or she considers the consequence to be.
If you are young and in love, you are unlikely to avoid kissing your sweetheart on the mouth just because he has the sniffles, and you might get his cold. On the other hand, you probably would stop kissing if it might give you IV
Perceived Benefits: The believed effectiveness of strategies designed to reduce the threat of illness. It's difficult to convince people to change a behavior if there isn't something in it for them. An addict probably won't stop smoking if he doesn't think that doing so will improve his life in some way.
Perceived Barriers: The potential negative consequences that may result from taking particular health actions, including physical, psychological, and financial demands. One of the major reasons people don't change their health behaviors is that they think that doing so is going to be hard. Sometimes it's not just a matter of physical difficulty, but social difficulty as well. Changing your health behaviors can cost effort, money, and time.
If everyone from your office goes out drinking on Fridays, it may be very difficult to cut down on your alcohol intake.
Cues to Action: Events, either bodily (e.g., physical symptoms of a health condition) or environmental (e.g., media publicity) that motivate people to take action, they are external events that prompt a desire to make a health change. They can be anything from a blood pressure van being present at a health fair, to seeing a condom poster on a train, to having a relative die of cancer. A cue to action is something that helps move someone from wanting to make a health change to actually making the change. Cues to actions is an aspect of the HBM that has not been systematically studied.

Other Variables: Diverse demographic, socio-psychological, and structural variables that affect an individual's perceptions and thus indirectly influence health-related behavior.
Self-Efficacy: The belief in being able to successfully execute the behavior required to produce the desired outcomes. Self efficacy looks at a person's belief in his/her ability to make a health related change. It may seem trivial, but faith in your ability to do something has an enormous impact on your actual ability to do it. Thinking that you will fail will almost make certain that you do. In fact, in recent years, self efficacy has been found to be one of the most important factors in an individual's ability to successfully negotiate condom use.

 
DEVELOPMENT MEDIA THEORY
Development media theory advocates media support for an existing political regime and its efforts to bring about national economic development. It argues that until a nation is well established and its economic development well underway, media must be supportive rather than critical of government. Journalists must not pick apart government efforts to promote development but, rather, assist government in implementing such policies.
The underlying fact behind the genesis of this theory was that there can be no development without communication. Under the four classical theories, capitalism was legitimized, but under the Development media` theory, or Development Support Communication as it is otherwise called, the media undertook the role of carrying out positive developmental programmes, accepting restrictions and instructions from the State. The media subordinated themselves to political, economic, social and cultural needs. Hence the stress on "development communication" and "development journalism". There was tacit support from the UNESCO for this theory. The weakness of this theory is that "development" is often equated with government propaganda.


The tenets of this theory are:
1.      Media must accept and carry out positive development tasks in line with nationally established policy.
2.      Freedom of the media should be open to economic priorities and development needs of the society
3.      Media should give priority in their content to the national culture and language(s) priority of coverage to other development countries.
4.      Media should give priority in news and information to links with other developing countries that are close geographically, culturally or politically.
5.      Journalists and other media workers have responsibilities as well as freedoms in their information gathering and dissemination tasks.
6.      In the interest of development ends the state has a right to intervene in, or restrict, media operation; and devices of censorship, subsidy and direct control can be justified.

HIV/AIDS
Human Immunodeficiency Virus is an infectious agent that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), a disease that leaves a person vulnerable to life-threatening infections. Scientists have identified two types of this virus. HIV-1 is the primary cause of AIDS worldwide. HIV-2 is found mostly in West Africa. It is passed from one person to another primarily during sexual contact
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is a human viral disease that ravages the immune system, undermining the body’s ability to defend itself from infection and disease. Caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
The issue of HIV/AIDS campaigns in Nigeria as one beyond the point of telling people what HIV/AIDS means, most Nigerians' can be said to at least have a general idea on what HIV/AIDS Is. In recent times however, due to this assumption that the average Nigerians knows what HIV/AIDS is there seems to be a decline in the rate at which HIV/AIDS campaigns are publicized in times past,, there were adverts such as the old circle condom advert, drama series like “wetin dey” but most of those sort of education programs have given way to newer emerging issues like cancer. This however does not mean that we are well knowledgeable in this area because new information arises everyday and we have stopped updating our knowledge and so it is possible to say that there is declining knowledge about HIV/AIDS In Nigeria.

HIV campaigns and health communication theories


WHAT IS A THEORY
Theory is a conceptual representation or explanation of phenomenon. Kurt Lewin defines theory as a way of explaining the ordering and occurrence of various events.  It can also be defined as a set of systematic generalizations based on scientific observation and leading to further empirical observation. (Severin and Tankard (Jnr.) 1982).
Communication theory is a field of information and mathematics that studies the technical process of information[1] and the human process of human communication.[2]

DIFFUSSION INNOVATION THEORY
 Diffusion is the “process by which an innovation is communicated through certain channels over a period of time among the members of a social system”. An innovation is “an idea, practice, or object that is perceived to be new by an individual or other unit of adoption”. “Communication is a process in which participants create and share information with one another to reach a mutual understanding
Diffusion of Innovations is a theory that seeks to explain how, why, and at what rate new ideas and technology spread through culturesEverett Rogers, a professor of rural sociology, popularized the theory in his 1962 book Diffusion of Innovations. He said diffusion is the process by which an innovation is communicated through certain channels over time among the members of a social system.
Diffusion research centers on the conditions which increase or decrease the likelihood that a new idea, product, or practice will be adopted by members of a given culture. Diffusion of innovation theory predicts that media as well as interpersonal contacts provide information and influence opinion and judgment. Studying how innovation occurs, E.M. Rogers (1995) argued that it consists of four stages: invention, diffusion (or communication) through the social system, time and consequences. The information flows through networks. The nature of networks and the roles opinion leaders play in them determine the likelihood that the innovation will be adopted. Innovation diffusion research has attempted to explain the variables that influence how and why users adopt a new information medium, such as the Internet. Opinion leaders exert influence on audience behavior via their personal contact, but additional intermediaries called change agents and gatekeepers are also included in the process of diffusion. Five adopter categories are: (1) innovators, (2) early adopters, (3) early majority, (4) late majority, and (5) laggards. These categories follow a standard deviation-curve, very little innovators adopt the innovation in the beginning (2,5%), early adopters making up for 13,5% a short time later, the early majority 34%, the late majority 34% and after some time finally the laggards make up for 16%.
Diffusion of an innovation occurs through a five–step process. This process is a type of decision-making. It occurs through a series of communication channels over a period of time among the members of a similar social system
 



IMPLEMENTATION
 

    DECISION
 

PERSUASION
 

KNOWLEDE
 

CONFIRMATION
 


      REJECT
 
                                                                                                        


       ACCEPT
 
                                                                       
                                                                                                                                                           
                                                                       
AGENDA SETTING THEORY
  Agenda Setting  is the process whereby the mass media determine what we think and worry about. Walter Lippmann, a journalist first observed this function, in the 1920’s. Lippmann then pointed out that the media dominates over the creation of pictures in our head, he believed that the public reacts not to actual  events but to the pictures in our head.  Therefore the agenda setting  process is used to remodel all the events occurring in our environment,  into  a simpler model before we deal with it.  This impact of the mass media- the ability to effect cognitive change among individuals, to structure their thinking- has been labeled the agenda-setting function of mass communication. 
Agenda setting theory emerges from communications studies and focuses on mass media influence on setting political agenda, as articulated in the seminal article by McCombs and Shaw (1972), which through content analysis of a local election documented a high correlation between media agenda and the public agenda - a correlation corroborated in numerous studies since. Their 1972 article coined the phrase "agenda-setting." Subsequent agenda setting theorists have followed their lead in contending that the media agenda influences the political agenda more than vice versa.
Maxwell McCombs and Donald(1972) Shaw corroborate the agenda setting theory by their research. They posit that:
“In choosing and displaying news, editors, newsroom staff, and broadcasters play an important part in shaping political reality. Readers learn not only about a given issue, but how much importance to attach to that issue from the amount of information in a news story and its position …The mass media may well determine the important issues- that is, the media set the ‘agenda’ of the campaign.”(p.176)

 Bernard Cohen (1963) puts it more clearly “The press may not be successful much of the time in telling people what to think, but it is stunningly successful in telling its readers what to think about.”

This theory assumes that Content analysis is frequently assumed to adequately reflect agenda rankings, based on frequency of word/phrase citations, newspaper column inches, etc.
            Agenda Setting has two levels, the first level enacts the  common subjects that are most important, and the second level decides what parts of the subject are important. These two levels of agenda setting lead into what is the function of this concept. This concept is process that is divided into three parts. The first part of the process is the importance of the issues that are going to be discussed in the media. Second, the issues discussed in the media have an impact over the way the public thinks, this is referred as public agenda. Ultimately the public agenda influences the policy agenda. Furthermore  the media agenda affects the public agenda, and the public agenda affects the policy agenda
 HEALTH BELIEF THEORY
The health belief theory is represented by the health belief model which is one of the first theories of health behavior. It was developed in the 1950s by a group of U.S. Public Health Service social psychologists who wanted to explain why so few people were participating in programs to prevent and detect disease. The BM is a psychological model that attempts to explain and predict health behaviors by focusing on the attitudes and beliefs of individuals.